GOTHENBURG PROTOCOL
By Anton Antonio
January 11, 2016
“The 1999 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification,
Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone (known as the Multi-effect Protocol or
the Gothenburg Protocol) is a multi-pollutant protocol designated to reduce
acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone by setting emissions
ceilings for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and
ammonia to be met by 2010. As of August
2014, the Protocol had been ratified by 26 parties, which includes 25 states
and the European Union. The Protocol is
part of the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. The Convention is an international agreement
to protect human health and the natural environment from air pollution by
control and reduction of air pollution, including long-range transboundary air
pollution. The geographic scope of the
Protocol includes Europe, North America and countries of Eastern Europe,
Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA). On
May 4, 2012, at a meeting at the United Nations Office at Geneva, the Parties
to the Gothenburg Protocol agreed on a substantial number of revisions, most important
are the inclusion of commitments of the Parties to further reduce their
emissions until 2020. These amendments
now need to be ratified by Parties in order to make them binding. Because pollutants can be carries many
hundreds of kilometers by winds, pollutants emitted in one country may be
deposited in other countries. Deposition
of pollutants in a country can far exceed the amount of such pollution produced
domestically due to pollution arriving from one or more upwind countries. In 1976, the environment ministers from the
Nordic countries proposed a European convention on transboundary air pollution
that emphasized sulphur compounds (Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air
Pollution (CLRTAP)). After negotiations,
34 countries and the European Commission signed this Convention in 1979 in
Geneva. The convention came into force
in 1983, and has now been ratified by 47 European countries, two North American
countries (Canada and the United States) and Armenia. The CLRTAP now includes eight protocols that
identify specific obligations to be taken by the Parties. The Gothenburg Protocol was signed on 30
November 1999 in Gothenburg, Sweden, to support the CLRTAP. The Gothenburg Protocol entered into force on
17 May 2005.” (Wikipedia)
ASEAN has already adopted a multilateral accord called the
ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. This is a fair start but it can also be
expanded to a multi-pollutant protocol designated to reduce acidification, eutrophication
and ground-level ozone by setting emissions ceilings for sulphur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and ammonia. The ASEAN Integration is a good opportunity
to adopt an agreement in the mould of the Gothenburg Protocol.
Thoughts to
promote positive action…
(Please
visit, like and share Pro-EARTH Crusaders on Facebook or follow me at http://antonantonio.blogspot.com/
and http://twitter.com/EarthCrusader/)
REFERENCES:
Wikipedia, (2016).
“Multi-effect Protocol”.
Retrieved on January 11, 2016 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-effect_Protocol
Antonio, A.C., (2015). “ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary
Haze Pollution”. Retrieved on January 6,
2016 from http://antonantonio.blogspot.com/2015/12/asean-agreement-on-transboundary-haze.html
You make this information interesting and engaging Sleep on Latex Mattress by Natural Mattress Matters https://www.naturalmattressmatters.com/sleep-on-latex-mattress/
ReplyDelete